T-Rex.An.Evolutionary.Journey.2016.720p.WEBRip.x264.AAC-[YTS.MX] Subtitles

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00:00:11,758 --> 00:00:15,[narrator]
Seventy million years ago,
the mightiest dinosaur

00:00:15,379 --> 00:00:17,that ever lived,
roamed the earth.

00:00:20,724 --> 00:00:23,Its name was Tyrannosaurus Rex.

00:00:24,034 --> 00:00:25,[roars]

00:00:25,413 --> 00:00:26,[growls]

00:00:29,275 --> 00:00:32,It was 13 meters long,
and weighed six tons.

00:00:33,586 --> 00:00:37,This awesomely creature,
was king, of the dinosaurs.

00:00:38,931 --> 00:00:41,Much about T-Rex has been
shrouded in mystery.

00:00:42,517 --> 00:00:46,Now with modern technology, a clear picture is taking shape.

00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:53,Remarkable physical capabilities
that defy conventional wisdom.

00:00:56,482 --> 00:00:57,[powerful music]

00:00:58,068 --> 00:01:01,An advanced brain,
and intellect, for hunting.

00:01:04,413 --> 00:01:07,We look at their brain
and wonder whether that

00:01:07,344 --> 00:01:10,enlarged cerebrum may have
actually had the capacity,

00:01:11,034 --> 00:01:13,to be involved in, sort of
a coordinated

00:01:14,103 --> 00:01:15,group hunting effort.

00:01:17,655 --> 00:01:20,[narrator]
In addition, new fossil finds
from around the world,

00:01:20,896 --> 00:01:24,are revealing the origins
of this enormous predator.

00:01:27,965 --> 00:01:31,It turns out, that T-Rex's
ancestors were actually small,

00:01:32,033 --> 00:01:33,and frail.

00:01:33,896 --> 00:01:36,They weren't, you know,
the big bears, with the big

00:01:37,103 --> 00:01:39,lions, with the big tigers,
at the top of the food chain.

00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:42,They were something much
smaller, much weaker.

00:01:44,862 --> 00:01:46,[narrator]
Somehow Tyrannosaurus

00:01:46,275 --> 00:01:48,transformed
from small creatures,

00:01:48,344 --> 00:01:51,threatened by their enemies,
into the most powerful

00:01:51,344 --> 00:01:52,dinosaurs of them all.

00:01:56,206 --> 00:01:58,Starting with the very
earliest ancestors,

00:01:58,896 --> 00:02:01,we'll explore an amazing tale
of evolution.

00:02:04,758 --> 00:02:07,Siblings on a journey in search of new lands,

00:02:08,378 --> 00:02:10,they cross paths with
a fearsome carnivore.

00:02:13,931 --> 00:02:16,Which will reign supreme?

00:02:20,586 --> 00:02:23,The king of kings,
Tyrannosaurus Rex.

00:02:24,310 --> 00:02:29,This is a story of 100 million
years of remarkable evolution.

00:02:36,689 --> 00:02:38,The first Tyrannosaurus fossils were discovered

00:02:39,103 --> 00:02:41,in the United States,
in the early 20th century.

00:02:42,034 --> 00:02:43,[soft music]

00:02:50,172 --> 00:02:53,The dinosaur's monstrous
appearance inspired its name,

00:02:53,965 --> 00:02:55,Tyrannosaurus Rex.

00:02:56,413 --> 00:03:00,Tyrant, lizard king, or T-Rex,
for short.

00:03:07,034 --> 00:03:09,For more than a century,
scientists have been working

00:03:09,965 --> 00:03:12,to piece together
T-Rex's evolution.

00:03:19,448 --> 00:03:22,Stephen Brusatte, is one
of the top researchers

00:03:22,275 --> 00:03:23,in the field.

00:03:27,655 --> 00:03:30,So everybody in the world,
has heard of T-Rex.

00:03:31,068 --> 00:03:33,But for a long time, there have
been some big mysteries,

00:03:33,965 --> 00:03:36,about where T-Rex came from,
how it evolved,

00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:37,how it g***t so big.

00:03:38,241 --> 00:03:40,And these have been mysteries
for many decades.

00:03:41,275 --> 00:03:45,But finally, over the last
15 years, people all over

00:03:45,241 --> 00:03:48,the world have been finding
older, smaller, more primitive

00:03:48,827 --> 00:03:51,Tyrannosaurus, that tell us,
where the big ones came from.

00:03:52,517 --> 00:03:54,[upbeat music]

00:03:54,241 --> 00:03:56,[narrator]
Scientists are zeroing in,
on T-Rex's roots.

00:03:57,137 --> 00:04:01,[growling]

00:04:05,689 --> 00:04:08,They've determined,
that its earliest ancestors

00:04:08,241 --> 00:04:10,first emerged far
from North America.

00:04:14,551 --> 00:04:17,This is the Junggar basin,
in the Xinjiang Uyghur,

00:04:17,517 --> 00:04:19,autonomous region of China.

00:04:22,586 --> 00:04:26,Now dry, this landscape was once home to many different types

00:04:26,827 --> 00:04:27,of dinosaurs.

00:04:34,517 --> 00:04:38,In recent years, excavations
have unearthed a wide variety

00:04:38,517 --> 00:04:39,of fossils.

00:04:44,310 --> 00:04:46,Xu Xing, has led some
of these digs.

00:05:36,137 --> 00:05:39,Inside a 160 million year old
soil strata,

00:05:40,379 --> 00:05:43,they found a completely new,
meat eating dinosaur.

00:05:44,034 --> 00:05:47,A crown like appendage,
on its head inspired its name.

00:05:47,517 --> 00:05:49,Guanlong, or "crown lizard".

00:05:52,172 --> 00:05:54,Xu and his team, conducted
a detailed analysis

00:05:54,965 --> 00:05:56,of the teeth, and bones.

00:05:57,310 --> 00:06:01,They determined that Guanlong,
was T-Rex's ancestor.

00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:02,[mysterious music]

00:06:15,206 --> 00:06:16,[dinosaur]
Ahh, there they are.

00:06:17,517 --> 00:06:20,[narrator]
A group of Guanlong siblings,
they're on the hunt.

00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,One takes off, perhaps
he's the oldest.

00:06:27,896 --> 00:06:29,He closes in on his prey,

00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:35,but he's no match.

00:06:42,034 --> 00:06:44,At this point in time,
the Guanlong was just

00:06:44,551 --> 00:06:45,three meters.

00:06:45,862 --> 00:06:48,Dwarfed by the thirteen
meter long T-Rex.

00:06:49,172 --> 00:06:52,It weighed only 75kg, 1/80th
of the weight,

00:06:52,931 --> 00:06:54,of its massive cousin.

00:06:56,724 --> 00:06:59,The very oldest Tyrannosaurus
were much, much different,

00:06:59,758 --> 00:07:02,much smaller, but they didn't
have anywhere near

00:07:02,931 --> 00:07:05,the firepower of a T-Rex.

00:07:05,620 --> 00:07:08,They were kind of like,
you know, cats or dogs,

00:07:08,586 --> 00:07:10,kind of that type of animal.

00:07:10,206 --> 00:07:11,They weren't you know,

00:07:11,689 --> 00:07:14,the big bears, or the big lions,
or the big tigers at the top

00:07:15,068 --> 00:07:16,of the food chain.

00:07:18,517 --> 00:07:21,[narrator]
How did such a small,
and relatively weak creature,

00:07:21,827 --> 00:07:23,eventually lead to T-Rex?

00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:25,The largest dinosaur
of them all?

00:07:26,206 --> 00:07:28,[growling]

00:07:36,965 --> 00:07:39,The story of Tyrannosaurus,
is really a story

00:07:39,827 --> 00:07:41,about evolution.
And one of the things

00:07:41,862 --> 00:07:44,that it tells us, is that
evolution is unpredictable.

00:07:45,517 --> 00:07:48,When those very first
Tyrannosaurs like Guanlong,

00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:51,entered the scene,
175 million years ago,

00:07:51,931 --> 00:07:53,you never would have thought
that they would ultimately

00:07:54,068 --> 00:07:57,evolve, into giant monstrous
animals like T-Rex.

00:07:57,689 --> 00:07:58,But that's what happened.

00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:03,How were they able to survive
for so long, for 80 million

00:08:03,206 --> 00:08:06,years, as these small,
human sized carnivores?

00:08:07,379 --> 00:08:08,And then maybe the biggest
mystery of all,

00:08:09,103 --> 00:08:11,how were those small
Tyrannosaurs, able to switch

00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:15,and become these giant,
dominant, super predators?

00:08:19,827 --> 00:08:22,[narrator]
The keys to unlocking these mysteries, are newly discovered

00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:24,fossils from around the world.

00:08:25,517 --> 00:08:29,Researchers have discovered
28 species, related to T-Rex.

00:08:29,689 --> 00:08:30,[suspenseful music]

00:08:36,344 --> 00:08:39,Brusatte has conducted detailed analysis of the bones of some

00:08:39,758 --> 00:08:40,of these specimens.

00:08:41,413 --> 00:08:43,his goal was to clarify
the process behind

00:08:44,034 --> 00:08:45,T-Rex's evolution.

00:08:47,793 --> 00:08:51,The approach he used, is called Phylogenetic analysis.

00:08:53,586 --> 00:08:55,We have hundreds and hundreds
of those features,

00:08:56,241 --> 00:08:59,that vary in these dinosaurs.
Some have the bones,

00:08:59,206 --> 00:09:01,some don't.
Some have small muscle

00:09:01,137 --> 00:09:02,attachments, some have big ones.

00:09:02,689 --> 00:09:06,Some have triangle shaped bones, or projections, others have

00:09:06,344 --> 00:09:08,square shaped ones.
Those kind of features

00:09:08,241 --> 00:09:09,that are variable.

00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:14,[narrator]
Brusatte's analysis have
illuminated
00:09:14,379 --> 00:09:17,distinctive characteristics
of Tyrannosaur bones.

00:09:20,310 --> 00:09:23,And the data he's amassed
form the basis, for mapping

00:09:23,241 --> 00:09:24,T-Rex's family tree.

00:09:27,482 --> 00:09:30,The results confirm that
the diminutive Guanlong,

00:09:30,482 --> 00:09:33,was indeed the most primitive
species of Tyrannosaur.

00:09:35,655 --> 00:09:39,From the time the first Guanlong emerged, until T-Rex appeared,

00:09:39,137 --> 00:09:41,took 100 million...