BBC.The.Green.Planet.2of5.Water.Worlds.1080p.HDTV.x265.AAC.MVGroup.org.eng Subtitles
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00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:38,Plants cover much of the
land surface of our planet.
00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:42,But there is another
extraordinary green world
00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:44,that is often hidden from us.
00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:01,It's one where plants
have overcome huge challenges
00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:03,in order to survive.
00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:15,The world of fresh water.
00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:34,At first sight, a lake like this
would seem to have everything
00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:37,that life needs in order to thrive.
00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,Clear, oxygen-rich water,
00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,plenty of dissolved nutrients
and minerals
00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,and lots of sunlight.
00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,But, in fact, life in fresh water
00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,presents plants with huge problems.
00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:03,To succeed, plants have had to
abandon many of the adaptations
00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,that served them so well on land
00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,and evolve something
quite new and, doing that,
00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:15,they have created some of the most
beautiful and bizarre
00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,and important habitats on Earth.
00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,There are few places where
it's more difficult to make
00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:31,a permanent home than a freshwater
torrent like this one.
00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:56,Violent currents
drip across the riverbed,
00:02:56,880 --> 00:02:58,scouring it clean...
00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:07,..whipping land plants
from their margins
00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:08,and drowning them.
00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,How could any plant survive
in a place like this?
00:03:28,920 --> 00:03:32,Yet, even here, some do manage to,
00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:35,quite literally, hold on.
00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:44,They can grasp the bare rock
with remarkable strength.
00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:52,This ability allows plants to thrive
00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:55,in these otherwise
hostile environments.
00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:05,This is the Cano Cristales
river in Colombia.
00:04:21,280 --> 00:04:24,These plants are red Macarenia,
00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:28,sometimes called the
Orchid of the Falls.
00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,They cling to the riverbed,
not with their roots,
00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:46,but with their stems, glued
to the rock surface by one
00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:48,of the most powerful
adhesives in nature.
00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,The rock itself will break
00:04:58,280 --> 00:05:00,before these anchors
lose their grip.
00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,These feathery filaments
are their modified leaves,
00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,and they do what roots normally do -
00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:21,gather the minerals and
nutrients they need
00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,that are dissolved in the water.
00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:33,With such spectacular colours,
it's hardly surprising
00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:37,that the Cano Cristales
is sometimes called
00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,the most beautiful river on Earth.
00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,But being rooted to the spot
is not always the best strategy
00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:51,for living in a water world.
00:05:55,280 --> 00:05:58,This is a water lettuce,
00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:01,and it has some
remarkable adaptations.
00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,Its roots hang free,
00:06:06,840 --> 00:06:09,so it's not anchored to the ground,
00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:13,and its leaves are thick and spongy
00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,and covered in fine hairs.
00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,So the plant itself
is more or less unsinkable.
00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:32,This combination of characteristics
enable the water lettuce
00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:36,to do something that almost
no land plant can do.
00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:37,It can travel.
00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:45,It is an ability that
becomes invaluable when,
00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,during the wet season, flooded
rivers become great highways,
00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:52,as they do here in South America.
00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,This is the largest inland
water world on Earth.
00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:03,The Pantanal.
00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:09,For a few months every year,
it provides water plants
00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:12,with ideal conditions,
00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:16,but, all too soon,
it becomes a battleground.
00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:29,Plants are racing to claim
their space on the surface.
00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:35,The water lettuce rapidly expands
its network of hanging roots
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,so that it starts
absorbing nutrients
00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:40,before other competitors arrive.
00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,Water hyacinth appears.
00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:08,Its leaves are carried
on stalks filled with air
00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:11,that also make it
virtually unsinkable.
00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,The race for space intensifies.
00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:25,A new competitor arrives, Ludwigia.
00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:29,It spreads by developing
a chain of tiny rafts.
00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:34,And jostles for space with
the densely packed leaves
00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:36,of mosaic plants.
00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:47,All are racing to claim
as much sunlight as possible.
00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:01,They flower quickly before
the floodwaters recede.
00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,And these surface dwellers
also have competitors.
00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:22,Including one that has been
waiting in the depths
00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:23,and is now stirring.
00:09:35,080 --> 00:09:37,It's a monster.
00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:07,It's well armed.
00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:27,It clears space for itself
00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:28,by wielding one of its buds.
00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:32,Like a club.
00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:42,And now it dominates the surface.
00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,This is a leaf of the
giant water lily.
00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:29,It expands by over
20 centimetres a day
00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:31,and eventually measures
00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:33,more than two metres across.
00:11:38,560 --> 00:11:43,Its immense leaves are supported
by a network of air-filled struts
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:47,and protected by spines
two centimetres long.
00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,The leaves float high in the water
and their surfaces are dotted
00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:01,with tiny holes, drains, that
help them ensure that rainwater
00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:03,doesn't accumulate and sink them.
00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:22,Nutrients from the fertile mud
below are carried up by tubes
00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:26,in its stem to fuel
the leaf's expansion.
00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,Over the next few months,
the lily will produce
00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:40,some 40 or so of these
gigantic leaves.
00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:55,And as each one reaches the surface
and expands, more and more light
00:12:55,680 --> 00:12:59,is taken from those plants
that are trying to grow beneath.
00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:15,Competitors are pushed aside.
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,Some are crushed,
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:43,or skewered.
00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:24,Eventually, its immense
leaves press their margins
00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:26,against one another,
00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,totally cutting off the light
from the plants beneath them.
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:36,The battle is over.
00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,And victory is total.
00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:02,The frozen water world of
Lake Akan in northern Japan.
00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:11,Home to one of the strangest
and most primitive of plants.
00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:20,It's an alga, like those that appear
so mysteriously in our ponds.
00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:27,But this one is truly extraordinary.
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:38,Each spring, the melting ice
releases soft, velvety balls
00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:43,of interwoven threads
called Marimos.
00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:48,This one is small.
00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:50,No bigger than a walnut.
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,But there are lots of them here.
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:04,They attract the attention
of visiting whooper swans.
00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:38,But there is one way for the
Marimo to escape from the danger,
00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:40,and it depends on a change
in the weather.
00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:49,Fortunately, in the spring,
winds sweep across the lake...
00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:57,..creating currents that carry some
of the Marimos beyond the reach
00:16:57,440 --> 00:16:59,of hungry swans....
land surface of our planet.
00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:42,But there is another
extraordinary green world
00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:44,that is often hidden from us.
00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:01,It's one where plants
have overcome huge challenges
00:01:01,880 --> 00:01:03,in order to survive.
00:01:11,880 --> 00:01:15,The world of fresh water.
00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:34,At first sight, a lake like this
would seem to have everything
00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:37,that life needs in order to thrive.
00:01:37,920 --> 00:01:41,Clear, oxygen-rich water,
00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,plenty of dissolved nutrients
and minerals
00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,and lots of sunlight.
00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,But, in fact, life in fresh water
00:01:51,800 --> 00:01:54,presents plants with huge problems.
00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:03,To succeed, plants have had to
abandon many of the adaptations
00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,that served them so well on land
00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,and evolve something
quite new and, doing that,
00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:15,they have created some of the most
beautiful and bizarre
00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,and important habitats on Earth.
00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:27,There are few places where
it's more difficult to make
00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:31,a permanent home than a freshwater
torrent like this one.
00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:56,Violent currents
drip across the riverbed,
00:02:56,880 --> 00:02:58,scouring it clean...
00:03:03,280 --> 00:03:07,..whipping land plants
from their margins
00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:08,and drowning them.
00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,How could any plant survive
in a place like this?
00:03:28,920 --> 00:03:32,Yet, even here, some do manage to,
00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:35,quite literally, hold on.
00:03:39,800 --> 00:03:44,They can grasp the bare rock
with remarkable strength.
00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:52,This ability allows plants to thrive
00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:55,in these otherwise
hostile environments.
00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:05,This is the Cano Cristales
river in Colombia.
00:04:21,280 --> 00:04:24,These plants are red Macarenia,
00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:28,sometimes called the
Orchid of the Falls.
00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,They cling to the riverbed,
not with their roots,
00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:46,but with their stems, glued
to the rock surface by one
00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:48,of the most powerful
adhesives in nature.
00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,The rock itself will break
00:04:58,280 --> 00:05:00,before these anchors
lose their grip.
00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,These feathery filaments
are their modified leaves,
00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,and they do what roots normally do -
00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:21,gather the minerals and
nutrients they need
00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:23,that are dissolved in the water.
00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:33,With such spectacular colours,
it's hardly surprising
00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:37,that the Cano Cristales
is sometimes called
00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:40,the most beautiful river on Earth.
00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,But being rooted to the spot
is not always the best strategy
00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:51,for living in a water world.
00:05:55,280 --> 00:05:58,This is a water lettuce,
00:05:58,560 --> 00:06:01,and it has some
remarkable adaptations.
00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,Its roots hang free,
00:06:06,840 --> 00:06:09,so it's not anchored to the ground,
00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:13,and its leaves are thick and spongy
00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,and covered in fine hairs.
00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,So the plant itself
is more or less unsinkable.
00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:32,This combination of characteristics
enable the water lettuce
00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:36,to do something that almost
no land plant can do.
00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:37,It can travel.
00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:45,It is an ability that
becomes invaluable when,
00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,during the wet season, flooded
rivers become great highways,
00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:52,as they do here in South America.
00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,This is the largest inland
water world on Earth.
00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:03,The Pantanal.
00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:09,For a few months every year,
it provides water plants
00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:12,with ideal conditions,
00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:16,but, all too soon,
it becomes a battleground.
00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:29,Plants are racing to claim
their space on the surface.
00:07:31,400 --> 00:07:35,The water lettuce rapidly expands
its network of hanging roots
00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:38,so that it starts
absorbing nutrients
00:07:38,280 --> 00:07:40,before other competitors arrive.
00:07:57,840 --> 00:08:00,Water hyacinth appears.
00:08:03,480 --> 00:08:08,Its leaves are carried
on stalks filled with air
00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:11,that also make it
virtually unsinkable.
00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,The race for space intensifies.
00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:25,A new competitor arrives, Ludwigia.
00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:29,It spreads by developing
a chain of tiny rafts.
00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:34,And jostles for space with
the densely packed leaves
00:08:34,520 --> 00:08:36,of mosaic plants.
00:08:43,440 --> 00:08:47,All are racing to claim
as much sunlight as possible.
00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:01,They flower quickly before
the floodwaters recede.
00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,And these surface dwellers
also have competitors.
00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:22,Including one that has been
waiting in the depths
00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:23,and is now stirring.
00:09:35,080 --> 00:09:37,It's a monster.
00:10:05,200 --> 00:10:07,It's well armed.
00:10:22,360 --> 00:10:27,It clears space for itself
00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:28,by wielding one of its buds.
00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:32,Like a club.
00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:42,And now it dominates the surface.
00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,This is a leaf of the
giant water lily.
00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:29,It expands by over
20 centimetres a day
00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:31,and eventually measures
00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:33,more than two metres across.
00:11:38,560 --> 00:11:43,Its immense leaves are supported
by a network of air-filled struts
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:47,and protected by spines
two centimetres long.
00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:56,The leaves float high in the water
and their surfaces are dotted
00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:01,with tiny holes, drains, that
help them ensure that rainwater
00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:03,doesn't accumulate and sink them.
00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:22,Nutrients from the fertile mud
below are carried up by tubes
00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:26,in its stem to fuel
the leaf's expansion.
00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,Over the next few months,
the lily will produce
00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:40,some 40 or so of these
gigantic leaves.
00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:55,And as each one reaches the surface
and expands, more and more light
00:12:55,680 --> 00:12:59,is taken from those plants
that are trying to grow beneath.
00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:15,Competitors are pushed aside.
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,Some are crushed,
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:43,or skewered.
00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:24,Eventually, its immense
leaves press their margins
00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:26,against one another,
00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,totally cutting off the light
from the plants beneath them.
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:36,The battle is over.
00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,And victory is total.
00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:02,The frozen water world of
Lake Akan in northern Japan.
00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:11,Home to one of the strangest
and most primitive of plants.
00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:20,It's an alga, like those that appear
so mysteriously in our ponds.
00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:27,But this one is truly extraordinary.
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:38,Each spring, the melting ice
releases soft, velvety balls
00:15:38,160 --> 00:15:43,of interwoven threads
called Marimos.
00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:48,This one is small.
00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:50,No bigger than a walnut.
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,But there are lots of them here.
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:04,They attract the attention
of visiting whooper swans.
00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:38,But there is one way for the
Marimo to escape from the danger,
00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:40,and it depends on a change
in the weather.
00:16:45,120 --> 00:16:49,Fortunately, in the spring,
winds sweep across the lake...
00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:57,..creating currents that carry some
of the Marimos beyond the reach
00:16:57,440 --> 00:16:59,of hungry swans....
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