Solar.System.2024.S01E04.1080p.BluRay.x264-DRCOX_track3_[eng] Subtitles

At 00:00:26,560, Character said: If | asked you,
"What is a planet made of?"

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00:00:30,00 --> At 00:00:37,840, Character said: And for the planets
of the inner solar system,

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At 00:00:48,400, Character said: But if you head out
into the frozen outer reaches

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At 00:00:51,480, Character said: of the solar system,

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At 00:01:00,160, Character said: are all frozen solid.

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At 00:01:03,840, Character said: And the planets and moons
out there,

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At 00:01:06,280, Character said: the mountains and glaciers,

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At 00:01:08,360, Character said: and even the crust
of the worlds themselves,

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At 00:01:11,880, Character said: are made of that -

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At 00:01:13,800, Character said: solid, frozen, pristine ice.

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At 00:01:19,480, Character said: Ice that,
in the extreme conditions

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At 00:01:21,960, Character said: we find beyond Earth,

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At 00:01:23,840, Character said: behaves in ways
we never imagined possible.

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At 00:01:33,880, Character said: As we've explored
the solar system,

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At 00:01:41,720, Character said: ...by great canyons
of shifting ice...

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At 00:01:49,440, Character said: ... dwarf planets
where mountains of solid ice

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00:01:53,00 --> At 00:01:58,200, Character said: ...worlds where ice appears
to cover one face...

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At 00:02:03,360, Character said: ...but leaves the other
entirely alone.

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At 00:02:11,600, Character said: And elsewhere, alien aurora
hang above the clouds,

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At 00:02:15,480, Character said: all thanks to a strange,
newly discovered form of ice.

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At 00:02:25,520, Character said: Even here, on Earth,

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At 00:02:27,640, Character said: the behaviour of something
as simple as ice has had,

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At 00:02:32,360, Character said: we think,
profound consequences.

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At 00:02:34,680, Character said: Because without ice's
counterintuitive behaviour,

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At 00:02:38,840, Character said: life on our planet
may not have survived.

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At 00:03:11,640, Character said: We begin our journey
to the ice worlds

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At 00:03:14,440, Character said: at the freezing edge
of the solar system.

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At 00:03:34,600, Character said: Out here,
the sun Is so far away,

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At 00:03:38,280, Character said: it resembles just another star.

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00:03:47,40 --> At 00:03:48,600, Character said: that it was only in July 2015

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At 00:03:51,480, Character said: that we had our first and,
to date, only close encounter.

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At 00:04:01,280, Character said: As it flew by,
the New Horizons spacecraft

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00:04:04,00 --> At 00:04:06,520, Character said: of this mysterious
frozen world.

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At 00:04:17,800, Character said: It discovered
a great heart-shaped plain

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At 00:04:20,440, Character said: 1,000km across

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At 00:04:22,600, Character said: that dominates one face.

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At 00:04:36,560, Character said: Around the edge of this plain,

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At 00:04:38,440, Character said: mountains made of solid ice
tower over Pluto's surface.

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At 00:04:52,120, Character said: And amongst its rugged uplands,

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At 00:04:54,640, Character said: ice was detected in a form

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At 00:04:56,760, Character said: no-one ever expected to see
on Pluto.

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00:05:05,40 --> At 00:05:08,480, Character said: Flowing rivers of ice
on a world so far away,

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At 00:05:17,440, Character said: That's because
the temperature here

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At 00:05:19,640, Character said: is only 40 degrees Celsius or
so away from absolute zero...

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At 00:05:25,920, Character said: ...a temperature
at which nothing should move.

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00:05:33,80 --> At 00:05:36,440, Character said: that for all the world

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At 00:05:38,240, Character said: look like the frozen reaches
of our planet.

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At 00:06:05,520, Character said: So when you fly here
over the years,

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At 00:06:07,560, Character said: how much does it change?

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00:06:09,80 --> At 00:06:10,240, Character said: - Yeah?
- Yeah.

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At 00:06:13,520, Character said: The shape of the glaciers
change.

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At 00:06:16,920, Character said: It's never the same.

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At 00:06:21,480, Character said: I'm just imagining flying
over Pluto, actually...

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At 00:06:24,360, Character said: (CHUCKLES)

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At 00:06:25,560, Character said: ...beCause
it looks remarkably similar.

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At 00:06:31,120, Character said: - What is the topography like?
- It's like this.

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At 00:06:34,240, Character said: Same topography,
same mountain heights.

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At 00:06:36,880, Character said: LEIGHAN: That's incredible!

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At 00:06:46,640, Character said: PROF COX: The discovery of
Pluto's dynamic icy landscapes

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00:06:50,00 --> At 00:06:54,480, Character said: It forced us
to rethink our understanding

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At 00:06:57,240, Character said: of this so-called dwarf planet.

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At 00:07:00,960, Character said: LEIGHAN:
We're coming in for landing,

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At 00:07:02,480, Character said: so I'll just be talking
to the airplane and not you.

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At 00:07:05,360, Character said: PROF COxX: | respect
that choice.

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At 00:07:06,920, Character said: (LEIGHAN LAUGHS)

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At 00:07:12,120, Character said: In fact, none like this at all.

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At 00:07:14,880, Character said: It's the world's
most beautiful runway!

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At 00:07:24,480, Character said: LEIGHAN: Welcome
to the glacier, you guys!

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At 00:07:27,600, Character said: (PROPELLER SLOWS)

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At 00:07:29,960, Character said: (WIND WHISTLES)

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At 00:07:38,200, Character said: Wow!

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At 00:07:41,560, Character said: You know, when we arrived,

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At 00:07:43,760, Character said: they said,
"Oh, it's zero degrees,"

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At 00:07:49,200, Character said: Fahrenheit.
Zero degrees Fahrenheit.

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00:07:52,00 --> 00:07:54,40
It's about minus 20 up here.

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At 00:07:54,160, Character said: It's just...

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At 00:07:55,440, Character said: And you g***t a real sense
actually, coming in,

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00:07:58,40 --> At 00:08:03,160, Character said: but it's so dynamic.

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At 00:08:04,760, Character said: You can feel it in the wind
as you land.

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At 00:08:07,360, Character said: And then,
you know, you can see...

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At 00:08:09,720, Character said: ...you can see the way
that everything flows.

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At 00:08:31,120, Character said: It does flow very, very slowly.

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At 00:08:35,680, Character said: And the reason

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At 00:08:36,840, Character said: this great mass can grind
its way down the valley

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At 00:08:39,640, Character said: is because of the unique
properties of the ice

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At 00:08:42,840, Character said: from which it's made.

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At 00:08:48,960, Character said: That bright-blue ice
certainly looks solid.

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At 00:08:54,160, Character said: It's formed by pressure.

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At 00:08:56,680, Character said: So these snowflakes
are falling down

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At 00:08:59,280, Character said: onto the top of the glacier,
and over time they build up,

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At 00:09:04,120, Character said: increasing the pressure,

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At 00:09:05,840, Character said: and you get that particular
crystalline structure of ice,

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At 00:09:09,440, Character said: which looks transparent
and blue.

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At 00:09:13,440, Character said: But actually, at those
pressures and temperatures,

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At 00:09:17,160, Character said: The crystals are
sort of arranged in planes,

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At 00:09:22,160, Character said: And that means
that as gravity is acting,

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At 00:09:24,720, Character said: trying to slide
this whole thing

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At 00:09:32,120, Character said: and that allows
the whole glacier to move.

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At 00:09:35,400, Character said: You can also get liquid water
between the rock and the ice,

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At 00:09:38,400, Character said: and that sort of lubricates
the glacier,

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At 00:09:40,440, Character said: and that allows it
to slip as well.

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At 00:09:42,440, Character said: So although this looks fixed
and immovable,

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At 00:09:45,880, Character said: at the conditions
we find on Earth,

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At 00:09:48,480, Character said: this can almost behave
like a...like a fluid,

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At 00:09:52,320, Character said: sort of sliding very slowly
and deforming down the valley.

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00:10:07,00 --> At 00:10:11,320, Character said: It's so cold here
that we'd expect

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At 00:10:29,360, Character said: Yet that's precisely
what these glaciers are doing.

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At 00:10:37,520, Character said: So if they can't be made
of water ice,

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At 00:10:40,320, Character said: what are they made of?

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At 00:10:54,200, Character said: As New...